1. Saamaynta qoyaanka

Marka sheygu taabto dareeraha, asalka adag / gaaska iyo dareeraha / gaaska waayiga ayaa baaba'a waxaana la sameeyaa isdhexgal cusub / dareere. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan qoynta. Tusaale ahaan, fiber-ka textile-ka waa shey dusha sare leh oo dusha sare leh. Markuu xalku ku faafo weelka, wuxuu gelayaa farqiga u dhexeeya fiilooyinka wuuna eryi doonaa hawada, isagoo u rogi doona is-dhexgalka hawo / faybar asalka ah interface / dareeraha / fiber. Waa geedi socod qoyan oo caadi ah; halka xalka uu isla waqtigaas geli doono fiber-ka, howshan waxaa loo yaqaanaa gelitaan. Daawadayaasha waxtar u leh caawinta qoynta iyo soo gelida jirka waxaa loo yaqaan wakiilada qoynta iyo gunta.

2. Emulsification

Emulsification waxaa loola jeedaa laba dareere oo aan la cabi karin (sida saliida iyo biyaha), mid ka mid ah oo la sameeyay iyadoo si siman loogu kala firdhiyo walxo aad u yar yar (cabirka walxaha 10-8 ~ 10-5m) dareeraha kale Doorka emulsion. Dhibcaha saliida ee lagu kala firdhiyey biyaha waxaa loo yaqaan emulsions oil-in-water (O / W), iyo dhibcaha biyaha lagu kala firdhiyey saliidaha waxaa loo yaqaan emulsions-ka-saliidda-biyaha (W / O). Dhakhaatiirta ku takhasusay daaweynta ee ka caawin kara emulsification waxaa loo yaqaan 'emulsifiers'. Daawadayaasha loo isticmaalo emulsifiers-ka waxay leeyihiin laba hawlood: xasilinta iyo ilaalinta.

 

(1) Xasilinta

Emulsifier wuxuu leeyahay saameynta yareynta xiisadda isdhaxgalka ee udhaxeysa labada dareera si loo xasiliyo nidaamka isku dhafan. Tani waa sababta oo ah marka saliidda (ama biyaha) lagu kala firdhiyo qaybo badan oo yar yar oo biyo ah (ama saliid ah), aagga xidhiidhka u dhexeeya ayaa la ballaadhiyaa, taas oo keenaysa kororka awoodda tamarta ee nidaamka iyo xaalad aan degganayn. Marka emulsifier lagu daro, kooxda lipophilic-ka ee molecule emulsifier ayaa lagu xayeysiiyaa dusha sare ee walxaha dhibcaha saliidda halka kooxda hydrophilic-ka ay ku fideyso biyaha, waxayna la safan tahay dusha sare ee dhibcaha saliidda si ay u sameyso filim hydrophilic molecule ah, kaas oo wuxuu yareeyaa xiisadda isdhaafsiga ee saliidda / biyaha, Taasoo yareynaysa heerka tamarta nidaamka isla markaana yareyneysa soo jiidashada u dhaxeysa dhibcaha saliidda, ka hortagga dhibcaha saliidda inay soo ururaan oo ay dib ugu noqdaan laba lakab.

(2) Ilaalin

Filimka jihada u janjeedha ee uu sameeyay korka sare ee dhibcaha saliidda ayaa ah filim difaac adag oo ka hortagi kara dhibcaha saliidda inay isku dhacaan oo ay is urursadaan. Haddii ay tahay filim jileec ah oo ku dhisan mooyee oo ay sameeyeen aaladda 'ionic surfactant', dhibcaha saliidda ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo oogi doonaa isla mas'uuliyadda noocaas ah, taas oo kordhin doonta iska-caabbinta labada dhinac isla markaana ka hortagi doonta dhibcaha saliidda inay is ururiyaan inta lagu jiro shilalka joogtada ah.

 

3. dhaqidda saamaynta sunta

Sababtoo ah saameynta emulsification ee sheyga, dufanka iyo walxaha wasakhda ah ee ka go'ay dusha adag ayaa xasilooni ahaan loo firdhin karaa loona kala firdhin karaa xalka aqueous, mar dambena laguma ridi doono dusha la nadiifiyey si loo sameeyo dib-u-faddarayn.

Nidaamka looga saarayo saliida dareeraha ah dusha sare ayaa lagu sharaxay hoosta si loo muujiyo doorka waxyaabaha xasaasiga ah. Wasaqda saliida dareeraha ah ayaa asal ahaan ku faaftay dusha adag. Marka la isku daro waxyaabaha wax lagu buufiyo, sababo la xiriira xiisadiisa oogada oo hooseysa, xalka aqueous surfactant wuxuu si dhaqso leh ugu faafaa dusha sare wuxuuna qoyaa waxyaabaha adag, wuxuuna si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelaa wasakhda saliida. Wasaqda saliida ayaa ku faafaya dusha adag si tartiib tartiib ah ayey isugu rogaysaa dhibcaha saliidda (xagalka xiriirku si tartiib tartiib ah ayuu u kordhayaa, isagoo ka beddelaya qoynta ilaa qoynta).

 

4. Faafin cayiman

Geedi socodka kala firdhinta waxyaalaha adag ee aan milmi karin xalka qurubyo aad u yaryar si loo sameeyo ganaax waxaa loo yaqaan kala firidhsan. Waxyeelaha sare u qaada kala firdhinta cunnooyinka adkaha ah isla markaana sameeya ganaax xasilloon ayaa loo yaqaan 'firdhiye'. Xaqiiqdii, marka saliida semi-solid la emulsified oo lagu kala firdho xalka, way adagtahay in la kala saaro in hanaan cayiman ay tahay emulsification ama kala firidh, iyo emulsifier iyo kala firdhisaha badanaa waa walax isku mid ah, sidaa darteed labada meel isugu gee isticmaalka dhabta ah. Naxdinta iyo kala firdhinta wakiil.

Mabda'a ficilka firdhisayaashu asal ahaan waxay la mid yihiin kan emulsifiers-ka. Farqiga ayaa ah in walxaha adag ee firidhsan ay guud ahaan ka xasilloon yihiin dhibcaha emulsified.

 

5.saamaynta

Xaaladda gaaska lagu kala firdhiyey dareeraha waxaa loo yaqaan xumbo. Haddii dareere gaar ah ay fududahay in filim la sameeyo oo ayna sahlaneyn in la jebiyo, dareeraha ayaa soo saari doona xumbo badan markii la walaaqo. Ka dib markii xumbada la soo saaro, aagga dusha sare ee gaaska / dareeraha ee nidaamka si weyn ayaa loo kordhiyaa, taasoo ka dhigaysa nidaamka mid aan degganeyn, sidaas darteed xumbadu way fududahay in la dillaaco. Marka sheyga lagu daro xalka, maaddooyinka 'surfactant molecules' waxaa lagu xalliyaa isku xirnaanta gaaska / dareeraha, taas oo aan kaliya yareynaynin xiisadda dusha sare ee udhaxeysa wejiyada gaaska / dareeraha, laakiin sidoo kale sameysa filim monomolecular ah oo leh xoog farsamo gaar ah si ay u sameyso xumbada adag in la qarxiyo

Xalalka aqueous Surfactant waxay leeyihiin darajooyin kaladuwan oo saameyn xumbo ah. Guud ahaan, xayawaannada anionic-ku waxay leeyihiin sifooyin xoog leh oo xumbayn ah, halka kuwa aan sunta ahayn ay leeyihiin sifooyin daciif ah oo xumbaynaya, gaar ahaan marka loo isticmaalo dusha daruurta.

Sababtoo ah dusha sare ee xumbadu waxay leedahay saameyn xoog leh oo xayeysiis ah wasakhda, adkeysiga dhaqida waa la hagaajiyay, waxayna sidoo kale ka hortagi kartaa wasakhda inay dib ugu shubato dusha shayga. Sidaa darteed, dadku had iyo jeer waxay u maleynayaan in saabuunta leh sifooyinka wanaagsan ee xumbada leh ay leeyihiin awood sun-saarid sun ah. Sidaa darteed, dareereyaal badan oo dareere ah ayaa yareyn doona cadaadiska matoorka diyaaradda mana ku habboon yihiin biyo raacinta. Sidaa darteed, noocyada xumbada yar ee aan-ionic ahayn waa in loo adeegsadaa kiiskan. Surfactant.

 

6.solililization

Kala-miirista ayaa loola jeedaa saameynta ay leeyihiin wax-ku-oolliyeyaasha si loo kordhiyo isku-milnaanta walxaha liita ama walxaha aan milmi karin ee biyaha ku jira. Tusaale ahaan, milixda benzene ee biyaha waa 0.09% (mugga jajabka). Haddii lagu daro (sida sodium oleate), milixida benzene Waa lagu kordhin karaa 10%.

Saamaynta xallinta kala-goynta lama kala sooci karo mikelladaha ay sameeyaan biyo-biyoodka. Micelles waa micelles ay sameysay silsiladaha hydrocarbon-ka ee molecules-ka iskudhafka ah ee iskusoo dhowaanaya xalka aqueous-ka sababo la xiriira isdhexgalka hydrophobic. Micelle-ka gudihiisa ayaa runtii ah hydrocarbon dareere ah, sidaa darteed dareeraha dabiiciga ah ee aan polar-ka ahayn sida benzene iyo saliida macdanta ee aan biyaha ku milmi karin ayaa fududahay in lagu milmo meleelka. Kala-miiriddu waa habka mikelles-ka u kala dirayo walxaha lipophilic-ka ah. Waa saameyn gaar ah oo ku saabsan sheybaarada. Sidaa darteed, kaliya marka isku-darka 'surfactant' ee xalka uu ka sareeyo uruurinta muhiimka ah, waxaa jira xikmado badan oo xalka ku jira Kala-miirintu waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka waqtiga, iyo inta mugga weyn ee 'micelle', uu weynaado awoodda xallinta.

Kala-saariddu way ka duwan tahay emulsification. Emulsification waa nidaam wajiyo badan oo isdabajoog ah oo aan xasillooneyn oo lagu helo iyada oo lagu kala firdhiyo wajiga dareeraha biyaha (ama weji kale oo dareere ah), halka milanku uu natiijadu tahay in xalka solubilized iyo walaxda la isku milmi karo ay isku mid yihiin wejiga. Mararka qaar isla santuuqaha ayaa leh saameyn emulsification iyo solubilization labadaba, laakiin kaliya marka isku soo uruurintu ay ka sareyso feejignaanta micelle ee muhiimka ah ayay yeelan kartaa saameyn milateri.

 

7.soomaali iyo siman

Marka maadooyinka 'surfactant' ay iswaafajinayaan dusha sare ee dharka, isuduwaha iswaafajinta iswaafaqsan ee dharka waa la dhimi karaa. Sida toosan alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, toosan alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether iyo waxyaabaha kale ee nonionic surfactants iyo noocyo kaladuwan oo ka mid ah sheyga ayaa leh saameynta yareynta isku dheelitirka khilaafaadka maaddada, sidaas darteed waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in loo isticmaalo sidii dhar jilciyaha Daawadayaasha leh alkyl laami ah ama kooxo udgoon ma sameyn karaan qaab hagaagsan oo toosan dusha sare ee dharka, sidaa darteed kuma haboona in loo isticmaalo jilciye ahaan.

 

8. Saamaynta saadaasha

Waxyaalaha anionic anactic qaarkood iyo quadernary ammonium cusbo cationic surfactants waa u fududahay in biyaha la dhuuqo oo la sameeyo lakabka xalka tabinta dusha sare ee dharka, sidaas darteed waxay leeyihiin saameyn antistatic iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilada antistatic for difaan kiimikada fiber kiimikada. 9. waxyeellada bakteeriyada

Bakteeriyada qudaarta ee ammonium-ka waxay leedahay astaamaha xeryahooda ionic. Waxay si fudud ugu milmi karaan biyaha laakiin kuma jiraan dareeraha aan tiirka lahayn, waxayna leeyihiin sifooyin kiimikaad oo deggan. Farsamaynta ficil-celinta noocan ah bakteeriyada ayaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa xoogga korantada, xoogga isku xidhista hydrogen iyo isku xidhka hydrophobic ee u dhexeeya maaddooyinka lafa-gooyada iyo maaddooyinka borotiinka, iwm. . Saamaynta xannibaadda qolka waxay keentaa koritaanka bakteeriyada in la joojiyo iyo dhimasho. Isla mar ahaantaana, kooxdeeda 'hydrophobic alkyl' waxay sidoo kale la falgeli kartaa kooxda bakteeriyada hydrophilic-ka ah si ay u beddesho xaddiga xuubka, ka dibna ay u gudubto lysis, oo ay u baabi'iso qaab dhismeedka unugyada, ayna u keento kala-daadashada unugyada iyo dhimashada. Nooca noocan ah ee loo yaqaan "fungicides" wuxuu leeyahay waxqabad sare, sumoobo hoose, isku urursi la'aan, sunta dhexdhexaadka ah ee kaluunka, si fudud uma saameyn karto isbeddelada pH, waxay ku habboon tahay in la isticmaalo, waxay saameyn xoog leh ku yeelataa lakabka xabadka, waxayna leedahay astaamo kiimiko deggan, kala firidh iyo Ka hortagga daxalka Farsamaynta wanaagsan iyo sifooyinka kale.

Tan iyo markii la helay saamaynta bakteeriyada ee kahadleyda 'alationic surfactants' sanadkii 1935, 4 ilaa 6-jiil quaternary ammonium cusbo bakteeriyada badeecada ayaa la soo saaray ilaa hadda. Jiilka koowaad waa alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, iwm; jiilka labaad waa jiilka koowaad ee laga soosaaray, kaas oo lagu fuliyo giraanta benzene ama nitrogen quaternary ee cusbada qubeyska ammonium Waxaa lagu helay falcelinta bedelka: jiilka seddexaad waa dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, sida didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, iwm; jiilka afraad waa shey isku dhafan oo ah jiilkii koowaad iyo saddexaad; Waxaa loogu badalay cusbada laba-geesoodka ah ee ammonium-ka sida: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), waxay ka tirsan yihiin gemini ama dimer nooca surfactants.

Bakteeriyada afar geesoodka ah ee ammonium kaliya ma leh saameyn bakteeriyo, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay saameyn diir adag oo ku saabsan caarada. Waxay dili kartaa bakteeriyada yareysa sulfate-ka ee ku soo koraysa hoolka. Waxay sidoo kale leedahay saameyn daxal-celin iyo isku-dhafan marka loo isticmaalo wakiilo kale. Kuwa caadiga ah waa 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (afar iyo toban Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethylme ametium,