Marka loo eego habka kala soocida kiimikooyinka saliida, saliida ka soo baxda saliida waxaa loo qaybin karaa arjiga meelaha wax lagu qodayo, kuwa wax soo saaraya macdanta, kuwa wax soo saara si loo wanaajiyo waxsoosaarka, soosaarayaasha saliida iyo gaaska la isugu keenayo, iyo kuwa wax soo saara ee daaweynta biyaha, iwm.

 

Wax ku ool ah qodista

Qaddarka aagagga wax lagu qodayo (oo ay ku jiraan wakiilada daaweynta dheecaanka qodista iyo isku darka sibidhka saliidda) ayaa ah kan ugu badan, oo qiyaastii ah 60% wadarta guud ee loo isticmaalo goobaha saliidda. Qaddarka santuulada ee dib-u-soo-kabashada saliidda xoogaa wey yar tahay, laakiin nuxurka farsamadeedu way ka badan tahay. Qaddarkiisu wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 1/3 wadarta qadarka sagxadaha ee loo isticmaalo goobaha saliidda. Labadan nooc ee kiimikooyinka ah waxay ku fadhiyaan boos muhiim ah waxyaabaha salka ku haya dhulka saliida.

 

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, cilmi baarista ku saabsan wakiilka daaweynta dheecaanka qodista adduunka ayaa sameysay xaaladda "saddex tiir" ee Mareykanka, Ruushka iyo Shiinaha. Mareykanku wuxuu u qaadanayaa waxyaabo kala duwan oo polymer cusub ah shayga cilmi baarista. Ruushku wuxuu inta badan ku saleysan yahay mabda'a ah "alaabta ceyriinka ah ayaa jaban oo si fudud loo heli karo", iyo qashinka warshadaha kala duwan. Cilmi-baarista Shiinaha ayaa diiradda saareysa isticmaalka buuxa ee alaabta ceeriin-dhaqameedka iyo horumarinta polymer-yada cusub ee la isku daro (oo ay ku jiraan monomers).

Ujeedada cilmi baarista ee wakiilada daaweynta dareeraha qodista ajaanibta ayaa aad caan u ah, taasi waa, badeecooyin kala duwan oo ku saleysan polymers-ka synthetic oo ay ku jiraan kooxaha acidic sulfonic, taas oo sidoo kale ah jihada horumarka mustaqbalka.

 

Laga soo bilaabo 1990-yadii, jiil cusub oo polymer 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) alaabooyin badan oo isku-dhafan ayaa noqday wakiilka wakiillada daweynta dareeraha cusub. Horumar jabiyaha ayaa laga sameeyay noocyada yareynta nafwaayaha, yareeya dheecaanka iyo saliidaha. Gaar ahaan sanadihii la soo dhaafay, aaladaha aalkolada polymeric ee leh saameynta dhibcaha daruuriga ah ayaa lagu faafiyey laguna dabaqay dhammaan goobaha saliida guriga iyo taxanaha nidaamka dareeraha qodista aalkolada polymeric.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, dheecaannada qodista ee methyl gluconate iyo dheecaannada ku saleysan glycerin ayaa ku gaarey natiijooyin wanaagsan dalabyada goobta, iyagoo muujiya rajada dalab ee wanaagsan iyo dhiirrigelinta horumarinta aaladaha wax lagu qodayo. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, wakiilka daaweynta dareeraha qodista ee Shiinaha ayaa u kordhay 18 qaybood, kumanaan noocyo ah, oo sanadkii la isticmaalo ku dhowaad 300,000 tan.

 

1980-yadii, isku dhafka sibidhka sibidhka si dhakhso leh ayuu u horumarey 1980-meeyadii, iyo taxane ah alaabooyin si tartiib tartiib ah loo sameeyay. Horumarinta alaabooyinka cusub, qalabka polymer-ka loo yaqaan 'synthetic polymer' ayaa guud ahaan doorbid cilmi baaris ah; 1993, dhammaan ceelasha ceelasha saliidda ee Shiinaha waxaa loo beddelay taxane la kulmay heerarka API. Wax soo saarka iyo isku-dhafka ayaa si dhakhso leh u horumaray. Shirkaddu waxay ku guuleysatay inay soo saarto saliid si gaar ah u kala firdhisa sibidhka SAF (sulfonated acetone formaldehyde polycondensate), kaas oo xiriir dhow la leh sibidhka tayada iyo ilaalinta lakabka. Coagulants, retarders iyo koolada xoojiya xabagta waxay kaloo muujiyeen xawaare horumarineed oo wanaagsan, waxayna sameeyeen saliid si gaar ah uga shaqaysa isku darka sibidhka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxay u soo baxday in ka badan 200 oo nooc oo ka kooban 11 qaybood, iyadoo qiyaasta sanadlaha ah ay tahay dhowr kun oo tan.

 

Sawood u leh soo kabashada saliida

Waxaa jira noocyo iyo tiro yar oo ah alaab-ku-oolliyeyaal soo-kabashada saliidda ah marka la barbar dhigo aagagga wax lagu qodayo, gaar ahaan soo-saarka aashitada iyo jabka Waxaa ka mid ah waxyaabaha dusha ka jajabaya, wakiilo jilicsan ayaa lagu baaray in wax laga beddelo ciridka khudradda dabiiciga ah iyo cellulose, iyo sidoo kale polymer-ka isku-dhafan ee kala duwan sida polyacrylamide.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, dalal shisheeye ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah uga soo baxay berrinka aagagga aysidhka ku jirto. Ujeedada cilmi baarista iyo horumarka waxay ku saabsan tahay horumarinta ka hortagayaasha daxalka ee acidification. Waxaa lagu gartaa adeegsiga alaabta ceyriinka ah ee jirta si wax looga beddelo ama looga hortago ka hortagga daxalka. Alaabta ceeriin iyo alaabtu waa kuwa aan sun lahayn ama sun hooseeya, waxsoosaarkuna wuxuu leeyahay saliid / biyo lagu milmi karo ama biyo ku kala firidhsan.

Amines, ammonium afar geesood ah aalkolada 'acetylenic alkohol' waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo ah ka hortagayaasha daxalka, iyo aldehyde ka hortagga daxalka ayaa si aad ah u horumarsan sababo la xiriira suntooda. Xakameeyayaasha daxalka ayaa sidoo kale ka mid ah dhismooyinka dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid iyo amines molecular low (ethylamine, propylamine, C8-18 amine primary, oleic acid diethanolamide), iyo emulsifiers waa saliida saliida ku jirta.

Caadi ahaan, sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cilmi baarista ku saabsan wakiilada firfircoon ee dusha sare ee lagu kala jabiyo dareeraha aashitada leh ee Shiinaha kuma filneyn, horumar yarna waa la sameeyay. Marka lagu daro ka hortagga daxalka ee jabka dareeraha acidification inta lagu jiro horumarka, waxaa jira noocyo kale oo badan, badankoodna waa amines (aasaasiga ah amines, heerka labaad amines, jaamacadeed amines, quaternary amide ama xeryahooda), imidazoline iyo waxyaabaha ka dhasha ayaa sidoo kale ah nooc ka mid ah ka hortagayaasha daxalka jirka ee loo isticmaalo qaddar aad u tiro badan.

 

Swax-ku-ool u ah ururinta saliidda iyo gaaska

Cilmibaarista, horumarinta iyo ka faa'iideysiga santuuqa saliida iyo gaaska aruurinta iyo gaadiidka ee Shiinaha waxay bilaabatay 1960s, waxaana hada jira 14 nooc iyo boqolaal wax soo saar. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, saliida ceyrineysa ee saliida bixisa waa tan ugu weyn, dalabka sanadlaha ahna waa ilaa 20,000 tan. Shiinaha waxay u diyaarisay alaabooyin wax baabiiya waxyaabaha ku habboon saliidda noocyadeeda kala duwan, noocyo badan ayaa gaaray heerka caalamiga 1990-meeyadii; halka ku shubista dhibcaha dhibcaha, qulqulayayaasha qulqulaya, hoos u dhacayaasha waxsoosaarka iyo walxaha ka hortagga wax ayaa yar, badankooduna waa Waxyaabaha isku dhafan, saliidaha cayriin ee kala duwan waxay leeyihiin shuruudo kala duwan iyo dhibaatooyin xagga soo saarista alaabooyin cusub sababo la xiriira shuruudo kala duwan oo loogu talogalay santuuqayaasha loo isticmaalo niyad-jabka. , hagaajinta socodka, yareynta u nuglaanta iyo ujeedooyinka ka saarida wax.

 

Wax ku ool u ah daaweynta biyaha duurka 

. Wakiilka daaweynta biyaha saliida waa nooc muhiim ah oo kiimiko ah saliida saliida ee horumarinta saliida. Qiyaasta sanadlaha ah ee wakiilada daaweynta biyaha kala duwan ayaa ka sarreysa 60,000 tan, kuwaas oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'surfactant' ay qiyaastii yihiin 40%, in kasta oo dadka ka faa'iideysanaya daaweynta saliidda ee saliidda dalabku ay aad u ballaaran yihiin, laakiin ay jiraan wax yar oo cilmi-baaris ah oo ku saabsan alaabada lagu daaweynayo biyaha Shiinaha. Noocyada waxsoosaarayaasha loogu talagalay daaweynta biyaha saliidda ma dhammaystirna, inta badanna wax soo saarka waxaa laga keenaa warshadaha lagu daweeyo biyaha warshadaha, laakiin waxaa ugu wacan biyaha saliidda ku jira. Kakanaanta alaabada si toos ah looga keenay daaweynta biyaha warshadaha ayaa si liidata lagu dabaqi karaa, mararka qaarna waxtar ma leh, mana jiraan wax bartilmaameedsanaya biyo-saliideedka la bartilmaameedsaday. Cilmi-baaris shisheeye oo ku saabsan astaamaha loogu talagalay daaweynta biyaha ayaa aad ugu firfircoon horumarinta flocculants, waxaana jira alaabooyin badan oo la soo saaray, laakiin aan badnayn daaweynta bullaacadaha loogu talagalay meelaha saliidda iyo gaaska.

 

Sawood u leh soo kabashada saliida jaamacadeed

Tayada wax soosaarka dusha sare ee soo kabashada saliida heerka sare ee wadamada shisheeye waa mid xasilan oo cabirka wax soo saarkuna uu ballaaran yahay. Waqtigaan la joogo, noocyo ka mid ah wax soosaarayaasha iyo polymer-ka barokaca saliidda ayaa laga sameeyay Shiinaha, laakiin ma dabooli karaan baahiyaha soo kabashada sare ee saliidda. Waxsoosaarka sanadlaha ah ee alkylbenzenes culus ee loogu talagalay waxyaabaha loo adeegsado walxaha barokaca ee saliida synthetic ayaa ka yar 20,000 tan, taas oo ay adagtahay in la daboolo baahiyaha, iyo miisaanka molikal iyo qaybinta miisaanka molikalku kuma haboona sagxadaha loo isticmaalo walxaha daadinta saliida synthetic.

In kasta oo hawlo badan laga qabtay dusha sare, haddana wali ma dabooli karto baahiyaha fatahaadda saliidda, waxaana jira dhibaatooyin xagga miisaanka wax soo saarka iyo tayada wax soo saarka. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Dagang iyo goobaha kale ee saliida ayaa horey u hirgeliyey daadad polymer ah, Daqing Oilfield waxay dhistay warshad polyacrylamide oo sanadkii soo saarto 57,000 tan, Shengli Oilfield waxay dhistay warshad polyacrylamide oo sanadkii soo saarto wax ka badan 20,000 tan.

Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha wax soo saarka waxay leeyihiin awood wax soo saar ka badan 100,000 t / sanadkii. Baahida sanadlaha ah ee loo qabo polymer barakicinta saliida waa tobanaan kun oo tan. Qiyaasta ayaa asal ahaan dabooli karta baahiyaha, laakiin tayada wax soo saarka (sida qiyaasta molikiyuulka ee qaraabada ah) Weli waxaa jira farqi u dhexeeya iyada iyo milanka, heerkulka iska caabinta iyo qanjirka milixda. Ka mid ah wakiilada firfircoon ee dusha sare ka haya goobaha saliida, sahaminta sare ee soo kabashada saliida waa kiimikooyinka ugu rajada badan.