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Astaamaha sifooyinka kaftanka ah ee sida caadiga ah loogu isticmaalo saabuunta
La daabacay: 20-12-11
1. Hawl-yaqaan
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ah kuwa wax lagu buufiyo. Marka loo eego wax soo saarkooda, waxay kala yihiin: anionic 56%, non-ionic 36%, zwitterionic 5%, and cation 3%.
2. Suuxdinta Anionic
2.1 sulfonate oogada 'Anionic surfactant sulfonate'. Caadiyan loo isticmaalo noocan waa sodium toosan alkylbenzene sulfonate iyo sodium α-alkenyl sulfonate. Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan LAS ama ABS, waa budo cad ama khafiif ah ama jajab adag, oo lagu milmi karo biyaha, in kasta oo ay leedahay liidasho biyo liidata heerkulka hoose, iyo isku dhalaalkeeda biyaha heerkulka qolka ayaa ka hooseeya 3. Laakiin waxay leedahay milmi wanaagsan nidaamka ku-meel-gaadhka ah.
Alpha-alkenyl sodium sulfonate sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan AOS. Marka waxyaabaha firfircoon ay yihiin 38% -40%, muuqaalka ayaa ah dareere huruud hufan ah, kaas oo si fudud ugu milma biyaha. Waxay ku leedahay xasillooni wanaagsan tiro badan oo ah qiyamka pH. Waxay leedahay cuncun yar oo maqaarka ah iyo heerka hoos u dhaca microbial waa 100%. Dhexdooda, LAS guud ahaan looma isticmaalo shaambooyada, waana dhif in loo isticmaalo dareeraha qubeyska. Badanaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa saabuunta dharka lagu dhaqo iyo kuwa wax lagu nadiifiyo (lotions dareereyaasha miiska ku jira). LAS-ka ku jira saabuunku wuxuu xisaabin karaa kala bar wadarta guud, iyo isku dheellitirka dhabta ah ee saamiga LA ee dareeraha dareeraha dharka ayaa aad u ballaaran.
AOS waxay leedahay waxqabadka ugufiican noocyada sulfonate. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka guud ee loo yaqaan 'sulfonates' ama faa'iidooyinkiisa ayaa aad u muuqda, oo aan lahayn cilladaha guud ee sulfonates. AOS waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha waaweyn ee loo isticmaalo shaambooyada iyo dareerayaasha qubeyska. Codsiga ku jira saabuunta kale ee dareeraha ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u kordhi doona iyadoo laga warqabayo astaamaha deegaanka (dhimista qiimaha). Faa'iidooyinka muuqda ee AOS waa xasillooni wanaagsan, biyo-dhalaal wanaagsan, iswaafajin wanaagsan, xanaaq yar, iyo hoos u dhigista microbial ku habboon; Faa'iido darrada jirta ayaa ah in qiimaha uu aad uga qaalisan yahay waxyaabaha ku faafiya anionic.
2.2 Anionic surfactant sulfate
Wakiilada firfircoon ee noocan oo kale ah waa aalkolo dufan leh polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate iyo sodium lauryl sulfate. Aalkolada dufanka leh ee polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate waa loo yaqaan AES, aalkolada ether sodium sulfate. Si fudud ayaa biyaha loogu dhex milmi karaa, muuqaalkuna waa dareere visous huruud ah oo huruud ah (translucent) marka waxyaabaha firfircoon ay yihiin 70%, xasillooniduna way ka liidataa guud ahaan sulfonates. Waxaa si habsami leh uga hooseeya pH4, laakiin wuxuu leeyahay xasillooni hawo-biyood wanaagsan oo ku jirta deegaanka alkaliinka.
Sodium lauryl sulfate sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan AS, K12, sodium cocoyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, wakiilka xumbaynaya. Waxay ku milmi kartaa biyaha, iyo miraha biyaha ku jira 25 ° C waa qiyaastii 15, laakiin heerka miraha biyaha ayaa ka hooseeya AES. Maaha mid xasaasi u ah alkali iyo biyo adag, laakiin xasilloonida xaaladaha aashitada ayaa ka liita guud ahaan sulfonate, oo u dhow AES, kululaynta muddada-dheer waa inaysan ka badnaan 95 ℃, cuncunku wuxuu ku jiraa heerka dhexe ee sheyga, 10% xalka cuncunka 3.3, ka hooseeya AES, ka hooseeya LAS.
AES waxaa loo isticmaali karaa shaamboo, dareeraha qubeyska, dareeraha weelka dhaqa ee dareeraha ah (dareeraha weelka lagu dhaqo), iyo dareeraha dareeraha dharka. Codsiga, haddii tusmada tayada qiimaha pH ay ogolaato, qiimaha pH waa in lagu hagaajiyaa sida ugu sareysa ee suurtogalka ah, sida dhexdhexaad ama alkaliin. Marka AES ay tahay in loo isticmaalo xaaladaha pH oo hooseeya (shaambooyada), cusbo-keeda ethanolamine guud ahaan waa la isticmaalaa. Kala-miirnaanta biyaha ee AES ayaa ka wanaagsan tan AS; waxaa loo diyaarin karaa qayb kasta oo ka mid ah xalka aqueous hufan heerkulka qolka. AES looma isticmaalo oo keliya in si ballaaran loogu isticmaalo saabuunta dareeraha ah marka loo eego LAS, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leedahay iswaafajin wanaagsan; waxaa lagu dari karaa waxyaabo badan oo ka mid ah alaab-gacmeedyada isku-dhafan ama iskudhafyo badan si ay u sameeyaan xal aqueous hufan. Waxyaabaha la soo saaray ee 'synthetic surfactants', AES ayaa ku jira kaalinta seddexaad ee wax soo saarka, qiimaha ayaa ka hooseeya kan AS. Sannadkii 2002, 70% AES waxaa lagu iibiyay 8,500 yuan / t. Faa'iidooyinka muuqda ee AES waa cuncun hoose, milix biyo wanaagsan, iswaafajin wanaagsan, iyo waxqabad wanaagsan oo looga hortago qallaylka maqaarka iyo qallafsanaanta; Faa'iido darrada ayaa ah in xasilloonida warbaahinta aashitada waxyar liidato-pH waa in la xakameeyaa si uu uga weynaado 4, iyo ka hortagga ayaa ka liita LAS, AS.
AS waxaa loo isticmaalaa saabuunta dareeraha ah, fiiro gaar ah u yeelo xaalada dhexdhexaadka ah ee pH-aashitada ma ahan mid aad u sareysa; cusbada ethanolamine ama cusbada ammonium waa in loo isticmaalaa shaambo; cusbada ethanolamine ama cusbada ammonium ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa dareeraha qubeyska. Isticmaalka cusbada ethanlamine ma kordhin karto oo keliya xasilloonida caabbinta aashitada, laakiin sidoo kale waxay kaa caawin kartaa yareynta xanaaqa. 10% tusmada kicinta cusbada triethanolamine 3.0. Inta jeer ee la adeegsado AS ee dareeraha weelka lagu dhaqo ee dareeraha ah ayaa yar, waana dhif in loo adeegsado sida ugu weyn ee loo yaqaan 'surfactant', taas oo ah, qadarka caanaha ayaa yar. Sababta ugu weyni waa iyada oo aan la jeclayn in la yareeyo kharashka alaabta. Marka labaad, badeecada noocan ahi wax shuruud ah uma leh xumbada. AS waxay kujirtaa kaalinta 5-aad soosaarka waxsoosaarka 'synthetic surfactants', qiimuhuna waa sarreeyaa. Sannadkii 2002, qiimaha budada ah wuxuu ahaa 15,000 yuan / t. Marka laga reebo xumbo wanaagsan iyo adkeysi xoog leh, AS uma fiicna sida AES dhinacyada kale. Tusaale ahaan, caabbinta aashitada iyo xasilloonida ayaa waxoogaa ka sii xun, xanaaqa ayaa aad u ballaaran-waxyarna wuu ka yar yahay LAS, sicirkuna waa kan ugu sarreeya ee ka imanaya dusha sare ee anionic surfactants.
3. Ku-takhalusaan nonionic
Noocyada ugu waaweyn ee waxyaabaha aan-ionic ahayn waa alidesl alides amides (FFA), alyool phenol polyoxyethylene ethers (APE ama OP) alkyl alyol polyoxyethylene ethers (AE). Waxyaalaha aan-ionic ahayn waxay leeyihiin milix-saarid wanaagsan, dhaqid, antistatic, cuncun hoose, kalsiyum kala firidhsan, iwm; qiyaasta pH-da ee dhabta ah ee ku habboon ayaa ka ballaaran tan guud ee ionic surfactants; waxay ka saartaa waxyaalaha wasakhda ah iyo kuwa xumbaynaya. , Guryaha kale ayaa badiyaa kafiican kuwa guud ee anionic surfactants. Tijaabooyinku waxay muujinayaan in lagu daro qadar yar oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha aan sunta ahayn ion ee ionic surfactants waxay kordhin kartaa waxqabadka dusha sare ee nidaamka-marka la barbar dhigo isla waxyaabaha firfircoon.
Amy alkyl alides waa nooc ka mid ah waxyaalaha aan sunta ahayn ee leh waxqabad heer sare ah, adeegsiyo kaladuwan iyo isticmaalka badan. Waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa saabuunta dareeraha ee kala duwan. Alkyl khamriga amides qeexitaannada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo ee dareeraha dareeraha waa "2: 1 amide" iyo "1.5: 1 amide", iyo "1: 1 amide" sidoo kale waa la isticmaali karaa. Saddexdaas qeexitaan waxay leeyihiin waxqabadyo kaladuwan marka loo eego milanka biyaha iyo isku-xoqidda. Guud ahaan, "1.5: 1 amide" waa mid dhexdhexaad ah, waxaana badanaa loo isticmaalaa saabuunta. Badanaa, "1: 1 amide" waxaa loo isticmaalaa iskudhafyada kale ee biyaha ku milma si ay si fudud ugu milmaan. Amides-ka alkolada Alkyl waxay aad ugu haboon yihiin waxyaabaha wasakhda alkaline-ka ah, sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa guud ahaan waxyaabaha lagu nadiifiyo aashitada. Alkyl aalkolo amide waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu jaban ee aan sunta ahayn, qiimaha sanadkii 2002 wuxuu ahaa 7,800 yuan / t. Amideska alkolada Alkyl waxaa badanaa loogu isticmaalaa waxyaabaha dareeraha dareeraha ah marka loo eego aalkolada dufanka leh ee loo yaqaan 'polyoxyethylene alcohols'. Waxyaabaha aan dawliga ahayn ee loo isticmaalo shaambooyada ayaa badanaa ah amides alkohol alkyl. Sababaha waxay noqon karaan: FFA shaqooyinkeeda oo dhameystiran ayaa ka fiican ama ka badan AE; Waxyaabaha FFA ayaa ka qaalisan AE; Kala-miirnaanta FFA ayaa ka wanaagsan AE; Hantida xumbada ee FFA way ka fiican tahay AE.
4. Sanobeyaal Zwitterionic
Waxyaabaha 'Amphoteric surfactants' waxaa loola jeedaa 'surfactants' oo leh kooxo hiddo-wadayaal anionic iyo cationic hydrophilic, sidaa darteed surfactant-kan ayaa ah mid xasaasi u ah xalalka aashitada, anionic ee xalalka alkaline-ka, iyo kuwa la mid ah xalalka dhexdhexaadka ah ee aan dabiiciga ahayn. Waxyeeleyaasha buufiska ayaa si fudud loogu dhex milmi karaa biyaha, waxaa lagu liqi karaa aashitada urursan iyo xalalka alkali, xitaa waa lagu milmi karaa xalalka urursan ee cusbada aan dabiici ahayn. Waxay leeyihiin caabbinta biyaha adag ee wanaagsan, cuncunka maqaarka oo hooseeya, jilicsanaanta dharka wanaagsan, iyo guryaha ka hortagga. Wanaagsan, wuxuu leeyahay saameyn bakteeriyada wanaagsan, oo wuxuu leeyahay iswaafajin wanaagsan oo lala yeesho aalado kala duwan.
Nooca noocan ah waxaa lagu dabaqi karaa baaxad weyn oo pH ah, laakiin marka laga eego aragtida gobolka ionic ee u dhiganta xaaladaha dhexdhexaadka ah ee asiidh-ku-saleysan, waxqabadka ka hooseeya xaaladaha aashitada iyo dhexdhexaadku waa inuu ka fiicnaadaa tan ku jirta xaaladaha alkaline. Guud ahaan marka laga hadlayo, sicir bararka ku jira sheyga 'zwitterionic surfactants' wuxuu ka sarreeyaa kan kuwa nonionic surfactants.
Noocyada muhiimka ah ee loo yaqaan 'amphoteric surfactant surfactant' waxaa ka mid ah dodecyl dimethyl betaine, carboxylate type imidazoline iyo wixii la mid ah. Marka loo barbardhigo dusha sare ee anionic, dusha sare ee nonionic surfactants waxay leeyihiin waxqabad dhameystiran iyo cillado kayar — kaliya waali iyo xumbada ayaa kaxun; marka la barbardhigo waxyaabaha aan kiimikada ahayn, qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka 'amphoteric surfactants' ayaa ka fiican, Waxqabadka kale kama dambeeyo. Waxyeelada 'amphoteric surfactants' waxay leeyihiin awood xumbayn fiican marka loo eego kuwa guud ee aan sunta ahayn - awoodda xumbada liidata ee AE; bakteeriyo fiican 5. Suuq-sameeyaha
Noocyada 'cationic surfactant' waxaa ka mid ah 'cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic Silicone oil, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2). Waxyaalaha kaargoosta ah ayaa ka duwan kuwa kale. Waxay leeyihiin feejignaan liidata iyo sifooyin xumbo leh, badiyaaana waxay leeyihiin heer cayiman oo sun ah xanaaqa (hooseeya).
Waxyaabaha ku hawlan kaashka 'Cationic surfactants' waxaa loo isticmaalaa inay ka mid yihiin lafa-gooyeyaasha dareeraha dareeraha-qayb ka mid ah qaboojiyaha oo leh qadar yar oo caanobooraha ah; Waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa alaabada dhamaadka sare, inta badan loo isticmaalo shaambooyada. Waxyaabaha ka soo baxa xayawaanka 'Cationic surfactants' si toos ah uguma habboonayn waxyaabaha anionic surfactants. Iswaafajinta kaararka iyo anions waxay soo saari karaan natiijooyin wanaagsan, laakiin halista roobab (crystallization) ayaa ka weyn.
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha loo adeegsado shaambooyada oo loo isticmaalo shaambooyada, iyo inta jeer ee la isticmaalo sidoo kale waa iska firidhsan tahay-halkii aad hal ama laba nooc si xoog leh u isticmaali lahayd, badanaa waxaa loo sameeyaa qaboojiye. Waxsoosaarayaasha 'Cationic surfactants' waxay leeyihiin qayb yar oo soosaarid ah oo ah saamileyda, siciradooduna badanaa way ka qaalisan yihiin noocyada kale ee wax soosaarayaasha. Marka la barbardhigo noocyada kala duwan ee wax-soo-saareyaasha, dusha sare ee 'cationic surfactants' waxay leeyihiin saameynta ugu caansan ee isbeddelka iyo saameynta ugu xooggan ee bakteeriyada; in kasta oo faa'iido darrooyinka saboolnimada liidata, xumbo xumida, iswaafajinta liidata, cuncun sare, iyo sicir sarreeya, haddana iyagu waa qayb ka mid ah wakiilka dejinta ee shaambo-biyo-dhaqeyaasha dareeraha-dhamaadka sare laguma beddeli karo noocyo kale oo dusha sare ah. Waxaa xusid mudan in waxyaalaha loo yaqaan 'cationic surfactants' loo isticmaali karo oo kaliya qaybaha wakiilka qaboojiyaha ama bakteeriyada.
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