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Codsiga waxyaabaha dusha sare ka shaqeeya ee warshadaha kiimikada maalin kasta
La daabacay: 20-12-11
Abstract: Waxay ka hadlaysaa shaqooyinka wax soosaarayaasha, sida qoynta, kala firdhinta, ka takhalusida, xallinta, xumbada, wasakheynta, dhaqidda iyo sun-saaridda, iwm., Soo bandhigidda kala-soocidda aaladaha, iyo soo bandhigida dhowr ah dusha sare ee howlaha guud ahaan la isticmaalo. Iyo doorka qurxinta, saabuunta dharka, dawada, cuntada. Isbedelka horumarka ee soosaarayaasha ayaa lagu sharaxay.
1. Kala soocida waxyaabaha ka soo baxa dusha sare
Waxaa jira siyaabo badan oo loo kala saaro santuulaatyada, kuwaas oo lagu kala saaro meelaha ay ka yimaadeen. Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'Surfactants' waxaa badanaa loo qaybiyaa saddex qaybood: astaamaha 'synthetic surfactants', kuwa dabiiciga ah ee loo yaqaan 'surfactants' iyo kuwa nafaqada leh
Waxyeelayaasha ayaa loo qaybin karaa afar qaybood: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic iyo nonionic iyadoo loo eegayo nooca ion-yada ay soo saaraan kooxda hawo-biyoodka. Waxyaabaha sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo, ee saldhigoodu yahay hydrocarbon, ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay ku jiraan waxyaabo ay ka mid yihiin oksijiin, nitrogen, baaruud, chlorine, bromine, iyo iodine oo ku jira meydka, waxaana loo yaqaan 'hydrocarbon surfactants' ama 'surfactants' caadiga ah. Daawadayaasha wax ku oolka ah oo ay ku jiraan fluorine, silikoon, fosfooraska iyo boron waxaa loo yaqaan 'surfactants' gaar ah. Soo bandhigida fluorine, silikoon, fosfooraska, boron iyo walxo kale waxay siineysaa wax soosaarayaasha waxqabad aad u wanaagsan oo heer sare ah. Waxyaabaha ay ku jirto maadada Fluorine-ka ayaa ka mid ah noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee soosaarayaasha gaarka ah.
2. Doorka ugu weyn ee santuuqayaasha
(1) Emulsification: kacsanaanta dusha sare ee saliida biyaha ku jirta, markii saliida lagu qooyay biyaha, si xoog leh u walaaq, saliida waxaa lagu jajabay kuul fiican oo lagu qasay emulsion, laakiin kicinta ayaa istaagaysa oo dib u lakabyo. Haddii aad ku darto wax-soo-saare oo aad u walaaq, ma sahlanaan doonto inaad kala-baxdo muddo dheer ka dib joojinta, taas oo ah emulsification. Sababta ayaa ah in hydrophobicity-ka saliida ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kooxda hydrophilic ee wakiilka firfircoon, sameynta soo jiidasho jihada ah, hoos u dhigida shaqada looga baahan yahay saliida ku fida biyaha, saliidana ka dhigeysa mid si fiican u firidhsan. Ku
(2) Saamaynta qoyaanka: Badanaa waxaa jira lakab ah wax, dufan ama walxo xoqan oo ku lifaaqan dusha sare ee qaybta, taas oo ah biyo-biyoodka. Wasakheynta walxahan darteed, dusha sare ee qeybaha ma sahlana in lagu qoyo biyo. Marka waxyaabaha wax lagu buuxiyo lagu daro xalka aqueous, dhibcaha biyaha ee qaybaha ayaa si fudud loo kala firdhiyaa, taas oo si weyn u yareyneysa xiisadda dusha sare ee qeybaha isla markaana ku guuleysanaysa ujeeddada qoynta. Ku
(3) Kala-miirista: walxaha saliidda leh waa la “milmi karaa” ka dib marka lagu daro waxyaabaha la socda, laakiin kala-baxaani wuxuu dhici karaa oo keliya marka isku-urursanaanta hawlwadeenku ay gaadho xaddiga halista ah ee loo yaqaan 'colloid'. Kala-miirnaanta waxay ku saleysan tahay sheyga kala-baxa waxayna kuxirantahay dabeecadda. Marka la eego xallinta, silsiladda hiddo-wadayaasha dhaadheer ee hydrocarbon-ka ayaa ka xoog badan silsiladda gaaska gaaban, silsiladda hydrocarbon ee cufan ayaa ka xoog badan silsiladda hydrocarbon ee aan qancsanayn, iyo saamaynta kala-soocidda ee qaybaha nonionic guud ahaan waa mid aad u muhiim ah. Ku
(4) Saamaynta firdhinta: jajabyada adag sida boodhka iyo wasakhda wasakhda way fududdahay in la isu geeyo, waana ay fududahay in lagu dego biyaha. Molikuyuullada waxsoosaarayaasha waxay u kala qaybin karaan isu-geynta walxaha adag qurubyo ganaax ah, kuwaasoo kala firdhiyey oo xalka ku jira. Door ka ciyaar dhiirrigelinta kala firidhsannada isku midka ah ee walxaha adag. (5) Saamaynta xumbada: Samaynta xumbadu badanaa waa xayeysiinta jihada ee wakiilka firfircoon, taas oo ay sababtay hoos u dhaca xiisadda dusha sare ee gaaska iyo wejiyada dareeraha ah. Guud ahaan, wakiilo firfircoon oo miisaankoodu hooseeyo way fududahay xumbada, wakiilo miisaan sare leh oo firfircoon waxay leeyihiin xumbo yar, myristic acid yellow ayaa leh guryaha xumbada ugu badan, iyo sodium stearate waxay leedahay sifooyinka ugu xun xun. Wakiilada firfircoon ee anionic waxay leeyihiin sifooyin fiican oo xumbaynaya iyo xasiloonida xumbada kuwa aan ionic ahayn. Tusaale ahaan, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin xoog leh oo xumbaynaya. Xasilloonida xumbada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah amides aalkolo dufanka leh, carboxymethyl cellulose, iwm., Iyo kuwa ka hortagga xumbada waxaa ka mid ah asiidh dufan leh, esters fate acid, polyethers, iwm.
3 Codsiga Surfactant
Codsiga waxyaabaha wax lagu qoro waxaa loo qaybin karaa codsiyada madaniga iyo warshadaha. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta, saddex-meelood laba meel oo ah dadka rayidka ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa alaabada ilaalinta shakhsi ahaaneed; Sunta wasakhda ayaa ka mid ah suuqyada macaamiisha ugu waawayn ee loo adeegsado soosaarayaasha. Alaabooyinka waxaa ka mid ah budada lagu dhaqo, saabuunta dareeraha ah, saabuunta dharka lagu dhaqo iyo alaabada kala duwan ee guryaha. Nadiifinta alaabada iyo alaabada ilaalinta shakhsi ahaaneed sida: shaambo, qaboojiye, kareemka timaha, jel timaha, looshin, toner, wajiga nadiifiye, iwm. Waxsoosaarayaasha warshadaha ayaa ah wadarta waxyaabaha loo adeegsado qeybaha kala duwan ee warshadaha aan aheyn kuwa rayidka ah. Meelaha codsigiisa waxaa ka mid ah warshadaha dharka, warshadaha birta, rinjiga, rinjiga, warshadaha midabka, warshadaha cusbaynta caaga, warshadaha cuntada, warshadaha waraaqaha, Warshadaha maqaarka, baaritaanka batroolka, warshadaha qalabka dhismaha, warshadaha macdanta, warshadaha tamarta, iwm. .
3.1.1 Ku xeel dheer wax soosaarka qurxinta
Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'Surfactants' waxaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo ee kala ah emulsifiers, penetrant, saabuun, jilciya, wakiilada qoynta, bakteeriyada, kala firdhiyeyaasha, solubilizer-ka, wakiilada antistatic, timaha, iwm. si fudud ula jaan qaada qaybaha kale. Guud ahaan, waa esters acid acid iyo polyethers.
3.1.2 Shuruudaha waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo ee loo yaqaan 'surfactants'
Isku-darka qaabab isku-qurxinta ayaa ah noocyo kala duwan oo adag. Marka lagu daro saliida iyo walxaha ceeriin, waxaa sidoo kale jira aalado kala duwan oo shaqeynaya, walxaha ilaaliya, dhadhanka iyo midabbada, iwm, kuwaas oo ka tirsan nidaamka kala-firidh wejiyo badan leh. Iyada oo ay sii kordheyso isku qurxinta iyo shuruudaha shaqeynta, noocyada kala duwan ee loo isticmaalo waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo ayaa sidoo kale sii kordhaya. Daawadayaasha loo isticmaalo waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo waa inaysan lahayn cuncun maqaarka, ma laha waxyeelo sun ah, sidoo kale waxay la kulmaan shuruudaha midab la’aanta, ma laha ur aan fiicnayn iyo xasilooni sare.
3.2 Ku isticmaalidda waxyaabaha dusha ka sameeya saabuunta
Daawadayaasha wax-soo-saarka leh waxay leeyihiin howlo nadiifin iyo jeermis hufan, waxayna muddo dheer noqdeen qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee alaabta nadaafadda. Surfactant waa qaybta ugu weyn ee saabuunta. Waxay la falgashaa wasakhda iyo inta udhaxeysa wasakhda iyo dusha adag (sida qoynta, kaqeybinta, emulsification, milanka, kala firdhinta, xumbada, iwm.) Iyo ka faa'iideysiga qaska Mechanical wuxuu helayaa saamaynta dhaqida Waxyaabaha ugu badan ee la isticmaalo uguna isticmaalka badan waa sunta anionic iyo nonionic. Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'Cationic iyo amphoteric surfactants' waxaa kaliya loo isticmaalaa soo saarista noocyo gaar ah iyo shaqooyinka saabuunta. Noocyada ugu waaweyn waa LAS (oo loola jeedo alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (aal fatty alkoholtytyne ether sulfate), MES (salt-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, acid diethanolamine, nooca amino acid, nooca betaine, iwm.
3.3 Ku adeegsiga shey-baareyaasha warshadaha cuntada
3.3.1 Saliidaha saliida sameeya iyo dhumuc-weyda Doorka ugu muhiimsan ee ayfalayaasha ku leeyihiin warshadaha cuntada waa inay u dhaqmaan sida emulsifiers iyo thickeners. Phospholipids ayaa ah kuwa emulsifiers-ka iyo xasiliyeyaasha inta badan la isticmaalo. Marka lagu daro fosfooliidyada, emulsifiers-yada sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa glycerides fatty acid S, inta badan monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, soybean phospholipids, ciridka arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin iyo ukunta ukunta iwm Thickerers-ka ayaa loo qaybiyaa laba qaybood: dabiici ah iyo kiimiko isku dhafan. Dhirta dabiiciga ah waxaa ka mid ah istaarj, xanjo arabic, guar gum, carrageenan, pectin, agar, iyo alginic acid oo laga sameeyo dhirta iyo dhirta badda. Waxa kale oo jira gelatin, casein iyo sodium caseinate laga sameeyay xayawaan iyo dhir borotiin ku jirta. Iyo xanthan xanjo laga sameeyay noolaha. Kuwa dhumucda isku dhafan ee loo yaqaan 'synthetic thickeners' waa sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid iyo sodium polyacrylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose iyo polyacrylic acid Sodium iwm.
3.3.2 Kaydinta cuntada Rhamnose esters waxay leeyihiin astaamo bakteeriyada qaarkood, antiviral iyo anti-mycoplasma. Qiyaasaha 'Sucrose esters' sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin saameyn weyn oo ka hortag ah oo ku saabsan noolaha, gaar ahaan bakteeriyada loo yaqaan 'Gram-positive bacteria'.
3.3.3 Kala firdhinta cuntada, wakiilada xumbada, iwm Marka lagu daro emulsifiers-ka iyo dhumucda waxsoosaarka cuntada, waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'surfactants' waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa kala firdhiyeyaasha, wakiilada qoynta, wakiilada xumbada, defoamers, wakiilada xakamaynta crystallization, Sifeynta iyo sii dheereynta waqtiga ilaalinta cuntada . Tusaale ahaan, ku darista 0.2-0.3% soy phospholipids marka la shiidayo budada caanaha oo dhan waxay hagaajin kartaa hydrophilicity-ka iyo kala-firdhinta, waana si dhakhso leh loo kala diri karaa iyada oo aan la isku darin inta lagu jiro diyaarinta. Markaad sameysid keega iyo jalaatada, ku darida glycerol fatty acid iyo sukrose fat waxay yeelan karaan saameyn xumbo, taas oo ku habboon soo saarista tiro badan oo goobooyin ah. Soo saarida caano isku dhafan iyo waxyaabaha soyka laga sameeyo, ku darida glycerol fatty acid waxay leedahay saameyn wasakhaysan.
3.3.4 Codsiga soo saarista iyo kala soocida midabbada, qaybaha udgoonka, qaybaha bayoloji ahaan firfircoon iyo alaabada khamiirka leh
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'surfactants' ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalay soo saarista iyo kala soocida maaddooyinka dabiiciga ah ee cuntada sida midabbada, waxyaabaha dhadhanka leh, maaddooyinka bayoolaji ahaan u firfircoon iyo waxyaabaha la kariyey.
3.4 Adeegsiga sarkhaantiga ee qeybta daawada
Takhaatiirtu waxay leeyihiin shaqooyinka qoynta, emulsifying, solubilizing, iwm, sidaa darteed waxaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa daawooyinka dawooyinka, gaar ahaan tikniyoolajiyadda microemulsion dawooyinka ee la soo saaray sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Isku-darka daroogada, shey-baareyaasha waxaa loo isticmaali karaa inay noqdaan kal-kaaliyeyaasha wareejinta wejiga, taas oo beddeli karta heerka xallinta ion-yada, taas oo kordhinaysa falcelinta ion-yada, taasoo ka dhigaysa falcelinta inay ku sii socoto nidaam kaladuwan, oo si weyn u hagaajineysa waxtarka falcelinta. Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'Surfactants' waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii solubilizer-ka iyo dareemayaasha dareemayaasha ee falanqaynta, gaar ahaan falanqaynta daawada fluorescence spectroscopy. Marka la eego jeermiska maqaarka, jeermiska ama jeermiska xuubka xabka, jeermiska aaladda iyo jeermiska deegaanka ka hor qalliinka ee warshadaha dawooyinka, dadka wax daawada waxay si xoog leh ula falgeli karaan borotiinnada bakteeriyada bakteeriyada si loo yareeyo ama u lumiyo shaqadooda, waxaana loo isticmaalaa sida bakteeriyada iyo jeermiska si ballaaran loo isticmaalo.
4. Isbedelka horumarka ee soosaarayaasha
Jihada horumarka ee qaybaha sare waxaa lagu muujin doonaa dhinacyada soo socda:
4.1 U noqoshada dabiiciga;
4.2 Beddel kiimikooyinka waxyeellada leh;
4.3 Ku dhaq oo ku isticmaal heerkulka qolka;
4.4 Ku isticmaal biyo adag adigoon wax ku darin;
4.5 Ilaalinta deegaanka oo si wax ku ool ah u daaweyn kara dareeraha qashinka, biyaha qashinka, boodhka, iwm.
4.6 Soosaarayaal si hufan u horumarin kara ka faa'iideysiga macdanta, shidaalka, iyo wax soo saarka;
4.7 Soosaarayaasha waxqabadka badan;
4.8 Waxyeelayaasha ka diyaarsan qashinka warshadaha ama magaalooyinka ee ku saleysan bioengineering;
4.9 Isticmaal wax-ku-ool wax-ku-ool ah oo leh saameyn isku-dhafan oo ay soo saartay tikniyoolajiyadda sameynta.
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